These maps can be used to show the demand placed on a health system and can be expressed as a number of measures for example: count of attendances or count of admissions / discharges to primary, secondary or tertiary care facilities. In secondary care a common measure used is the hospital discharge rate.
Both
Baseline and Situational
Attendances / hospitalisation rate maps are used to visualise the demand that is being placed on a healthcare system. These maps should be created as soon as the information is available, continually updated through an emergency as well as historically. It is important to look at these maps over time,including historically to demonstrate baseline demand as well as increases in demand due to a disaster / emergency.
Invariably health is linked to many other vulnerabilities and is impacted by all eleven clusters in the UN system (sectors of the humanitarian system that help to coordinate a humanitarian response), in particular:
Nutrition
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)
Logistics - transport / access
The intended audience includes a variety of actors either directly involved in health, or those supporting health needs:
Ministry of Health / Department for Health
National Health Care Providers
Local Government
Civil Society / Community Organisations
Affected communities / population
National and International health related NGOs
National Red Cross / International Federation of Red Cross
World Health Organisation
Emergency Medical Teams /Emergency Medical Teams Coordination Cell
Will be dependent on if the maps are strategic, operational or both and will vary by intended audience. To be updated based on planned expert interviews.
Access to timely and accurate data is essential for a health response. It is important to get the best available data although it may not always be perfect. Questions should be asked such as:
When was the data collected? What time period does it cover? When will it next be updated? How accurate is the data? Are the figures actual or estimates? Is it a crude number, a crude rate, an adjusted or standardised rate?
Robust information management and governance is essential when accessing, storing and visualising health data. The agreed use of the data must be established and recorded from the outset.
A process of data manipulation may be required to ensure individuals, families or villages can not be identified. A number of methods can be used to achieve this including the suppression of small numbers, aggregation of data to a higher level and minimising the use of other data / detail on a map that could make identification easier. These checks must be in place to ensure patient’s right to privacy and dignity are maintained.
Count of attendances
Count of admissions
Hospital discharge rate = volume of discharges / population (excluding same day discharges including
deaths) per 100,000 inhabitants
Global Health Cluster
World Health Organisation
Emergency Medical Teams
Health Resource Availability Monitoring System (HeRAMS)
Early Warning, Alert and Response System (EWARS)
The Sphere Handbook - Minimum standards in Health action
Multi-Cluster / Sector Initial Rapid Needs Assessment (MIRA)
The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Ministry of Health / Department of Health (country specific)
ACAPS
The percentage of a population vaccinated at a specific age within a specific population. These maps are used to visualise how widespread vaccination coverage is.
Both
Baseline and Situational
Vaccination coverage is the best indicator of a populations protection against a specific disease. Vaccination coverage maps should be created as soon as the information is available, updated through an emergency as well as historically. It is important to look at these maps over time, including historically to demonstrate baseline coverage as well any increases or decreases in coverage, that could pose a risk to populations.
Invariably health is linked to many other vulnerabilities and is impacted by all eleven clusters in the UN system (sectors of the humanitarian system that help to coordinate a humanitarian response), in particular:
Nutrition
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)
Logistics - transport / access
The intended audience includes a variety of actors either directly involved in health, or those supporting health needs:
Ministry of Health / Department for Health
National Health Care Providers
Local Government
Civil Society / Community Organisations
Affected communities / population
National and International health related NGOs
National Red Cross / International Federation of Red Cross
World Health Organisation
Emergency Medical Teams /Emergency Medical Teams Coordination Cell
Will be dependent on if the maps are strategic, operational or both and will vary by intended audience. To be updated based on planned expert interviews.
Access to timely and accurate data is essential for a health response. It is important to get the best available data although it may not always be perfect. Questions should be asked such as:
When was the data collected? What time period does it cover? When will it next be updated? How accurate is the data? Are the figures actual or estimates? What age range do this data cover?
Robust information management and governance is essential when accessing, storing and visualising health data. The agreed use of the data must be established and recorded from the outset.
A process of data manipulation may be required to ensure individuals, families or villages can not be identified. A number of methods can be used to achieve this including the suppression of small numbers, aggregation of data to a higher level and minimising the use of other data / detail on a map that could make identification easier. These checks must be in place to ensure patient’s right to privacy and dignity are maintained.
Percentage of population vaccinated within a given time period
Global Health Cluster
World Health Organisation
Emergency Medical Teams
Health Resource Availability Monitoring System (HeRAMS)
Early Warning, Alert and Response System (EWARS)
The Sphere Handbook - Minimum standards in Health action
Multi-Cluster / Sector Initial Rapid Needs Assessment (MIRA)
The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Ministry of Health / Department of Health (country specific)
ACAPS
Incidence proportion or attack rate measured as the number of new cases per population over a given period of time, where the population is measured as an average within the given time period or at a midpoint population. Incidence is used to represent the risk / probability of contracting a specific disease. Incidence can also be measured as a secondary attack rate looking at the number of cases transmitted through contact per contact.
Both
Baseline and Situational
Prevalence maps are used to understand the risk / probability of contracting a specific disease. These maps should be created as soon as the information is available and continually updated through an emergency, it is particularly important to look at these maps over time to show how a disease is progressing.
Invariably health is linked to many other vulnerabilities and is impacted by all eleven clusters in the UN system (sectors of the humanitarian system that help to coordinate a humanitarian response), in particular:
Nutrition
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)
Logistics - transport / access
The intended audience includes a variety of actors either directly involved in health, or those supporting health needs:
Ministry of Health / Department for Health
National Health Care Providers
Local Government
Civil Society / Community Organisations
Affected communities / population
National and International health related NGOs
National Red Cross / International Federation of Red Cross
World Health Organisation
Emergency Medical Teams /Emergency Medical Teams Coordination Cell
Will be dependent on if the maps are strategic, operational or both and will vary by intended audience. To be updated based on planned expert interviews.
Access to timely and accurate data is essential for a health response. It is important to get the best available data although it may not always be perfect. Questions should be asked such as:
When was the data collected? What time period does it cover? When will it next be updated? How accurate is the data? Are the figures actual or estimates? Is it an attack rate or a secondary attack rate? What population was used as the denominator? Is the rate per 1,000, 10,000 or 100,000 population?
Incidence is calculated as the volume of anew cases with a specific disease divided by the population at risk, if population data is not available it may also be shown as a volume of new cases with a specific disease over a given time period.
Robust information management and governance is essential when accessing, storing and visualising health data. The agreed use of the data must be established and recorded from the outset.
A process of data manipulation may be required to ensure individuals, families or villages can not be identified. A number of methods can be used to achieve this including the suppression of small numbers, aggregation of data to a higher level and minimising the use of other data / detail on a map that could make identification easier. These checks must be in place to ensure patient’s right to privacy and dignity are maintained.
Count of new cases over a given time period
Count of new cases over a given time period divided by population at risk at the beginning of the
time period - often shown as rate per 1,000, 10,000 or 100,000 population
Global Health Cluster
World Health Organisation
Emergency Medical Teams
Health Resource Availability Monitoring System (HeRAMS)
Early Warning, Alert and Response System (EWARS)
The Sphere Handbook - Minimum standards in Health action
Multi-Cluster / Sector Initial Rapid Needs Assessment (MIRA)
The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Ministry of Health / Department of Health (country specific)
ACAPS
Mortality / death can be measured in a number of ways including, crude deaths, crude death rate, case fatality and death to case ratios. Mortality maps will be cause / disease specific and can be broken down by particular demographics / risk factors for the disease such as age and sex. Theses maps show the severity and impact of a specific disease or emergency event.
Both
Baseline and Situational
Mortality maps are used to understand the severity and impact of a specific disease / emergency event. These maps should be created as soon as the information is available and continually updated through an emergency, it is particularly important to look at these maps over time to show how a disease is progressing.
Invariably health is linked to many other vulnerabilities and is impacted by all eleven clusters in the UN system (sectors of the humanitarian system that help to coordinate a humanitarian response), in particular:
Nutrition
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)
Logistics - transport / access
The intended audience includes a variety of actors either directly involved in health, or those supporting health needs:
Ministry of Health / Department for Health
National Health Care Providers
Local Government
Civil Society / Community Organisations
Affected communities / population
National and International health related NGOs
National Red Cross / International Federation of Red Cross
World Health Organisation
Emergency Medical Teams /Emergency Medical Teams Coordination Cell
Will be dependent on if the maps are strategic, operational or both and will vary by intended audience. To be updated based on planned expert interviews.
Access to timely and accurate data is essential for a health response. It is important to get the best available data although it may not always be perfect. Questions should be asked such as:
When was the data collected? What time period does it cover? When will it next be updated? How accurate is the data? Are the figures actual or estimates? Is it a crude number, a crude rate, an adjusted or standardised rate?
Robust information management and governance is essential when accessing, storing and visualising health data. The agreed use of the data must be established and recorded from the outset.
A process of data manipulation may be required to ensure individuals, families or villages can not be identified. A number of methods can be used to achieve this including the suppression of small numbers, aggregation of data to a higher level and minimising the use of other data / detail on a map that could make identification easier. These checks must be in place to ensure patient’s right to privacy and dignity are maintained.
Crude deaths - count of deaths
Crude death rates - % deaths from a specific disease within the general population within a specific time period
Case fatality rate - % of deaths from a specific disease within a population who have that disease over the course of the disease
Death to case - count of deaths divided by the number of new cases within a specific time period
Global Health Cluster
World Health Organisation
Emergency Medical Teams
Health Resource Availability Monitoring System (HeRAMS)
Early Warning, Alert and Response System (EWARS)
The Sphere Handbook - Minimum standards in Health action
Multi-Cluster / Sector Initial Rapid Needs Assessment (MIRA)
The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Ministry of Health / Department of Health (country specific)
ACAPS
Disease prevalence maps highlight the proportion of people within a population that have a specific disease (both existing and emerging cases), prevalence can be measured at a specific point in time (point prevalence) or over a specific time period (period prevalence). Prevalence maps indicate how widespread a disease is.
Both
Baseline and Situational
Prevalence maps are used to understand how widespread a disease is. They can be created at the beginning of an emergency to understand the underlying disease profile of a population pre-emergency as well as during an emergency to understand how widespread a disease has become.
Invariably health is linked to many other vulnerabilities and is impacted by all eleven clusters in the UN system (sectors of the humanitarian system that help to coordinate a humanitarian response), in particular:
Nutrition
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)
Logistics - transport / access
The intended audience includes a variety of actors either directly involved in health, or those supporting health needs:
Ministry of Health / Department for Health
National Health Care Providers
Local Government
Civil Society / Community Organisations
Affected communities / population
National and International health related NGOs
National Red Cross / International Federation of Red Cross
World Health Organisation
Emergency Medical Teams /Emergency Medical Teams Coordination Cell
Will be dependent on if the maps are strategic, operational or both and will vary by intended audience. To be updated based on planned expert interviews.
Access to timely and accurate data is essential for a health response. It is important to get the best available data although it may not always be perfect. Questions should be asked such as:
When was the data collected? What time period does it cover? When will it next be updated? How accurate is the data? Are the figures actual or estimates? Is it point prevalence or period prevalence? What population was used as the denominator? Is the rate per 1,000, 10,000 or 100,000 population?
Prevalence is calculated as the volume of a population with a specific disease divided by the population, if population data is not available it may also be shown as a volume of people that have a specific disease at a point in time or over a given time period.
Robust information management and governance is essential when accessing, storing and visualising health data. The agreed use of the data must be established and recorded from the outset.
A process of data manipulation may be required to ensure individuals, families or villages can not be identified. A number of methods can be used to achieve this including the suppression of small numbers, aggregation of data to a higher level and minimising the use of other data / detail on a map that could make identification easier. These checks must be in place to ensure patient’s right to privacy and dignity are maintained.
Count of cases at a specific point in time
Count of cases over a given time period
Count of cases at a specific point in time divided by population at risk at the same point in time - often shown as rate per 1,000, 10,000 or 100,000 population
Count of cases over a given time period divided by either the average population over the time period or a midpoint population - often shown as rate per 1,000, 10,000 or 100,000 population
Global Health Cluster
World Health Organisation
Emergency Medical Teams
Health Resource Availability Monitoring System (HeRAMS)
Early Warning, Alert and Response System (EWARS)
The Sphere Handbook - Minimum standards in Health action
Multi-Cluster / Sector Initial Rapid Needs Assessment (MIRA)
The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Ministry of Health / Department of Health (country specific)
ACAPS
Mapping of morbidity (disease) and mortality (death) can help to identify:
clusters
sources and
potential transmission routes
The patterns of morbidity and mortality that are important to investigate are:
Endemic (existing) and emerging (recently appearing) disease
both communicable (infectious) and non-communicable disease (non-infectious)
Across all health related responses to aid good decision making it is essential to track health over time, for example in epidemics this will help understand the progression of the incident i.e. are cases increasing or decreasing.
