These maps may help when working in the clusters and specifically where there is vulnerability or access problem during a response (e.g. food, shelter, WASH, etc.). They should be supported by the core maps.

Click through on each map to explore how they might be useful.

Education is one of the key resources to get back in place following a disaster. It is particularly important for children of school age as it provides a safe and protective environment that helps them get to back to some form of normality. Educational facilities may also be used as evacuation centres or meeting facilities, as building standards tend to be higher at these communal buildings.

Strategic or operational?

Both.

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline and situational.

When might it be produced?

Baseline maps may have been produced during earlier preparedness work, but if not they should be produced as soon as possible. Situational maps should be created as the information comes in. At first this may come from initial damage reports, but will then move on to incorporate information from needs assessments.

Intended audience

All humanitarian actors involved in education, typically through the education cluster or the Ministry of Education.

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Damage assessments inform actors which education facilities can continue to be used either for their primary function, education, or for other functions such as meeting or evacuation centres.

Methods

Some facilities will be for multiple age groups i.e. primary and secondary, and these should labelled as clearly as possible.

Data

• Nurseries, schools, colleges and university locations

• Education demographics

Resources

• Global Education Cluster

• Ministry of Education

• National census

These products show sectoral humanitarian needs and operations in respect of IDP camp coordination and management, and associated sectoral activities. They help inform planning and operation of camps for displaced people, both at local/individual level and across the operational area. They may show camp population figures, infrastructure, hazards or resources. Will often use satellite images for basemap.

Strategic or operational?

Both.

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Situational

When might it be produced?

Maps may be required when IDP camps are being planned or established.

Intended audience

All humanitarian actors involved in camp management and administration, typically through the camp coordination and camp management cluster.

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Planning of camp locations is driven by spatial factors including safety and access to resources. Within camps, layout planning is facilitated by detailed camp mapping.

Most importantly, camp coordination and camp management mapping reports frequently changing populations and demographics, status of supplies delivered, unmet needs and who-what-where.

Methods

For detailed site layout planning, satellite imagery is often the most suitable base map. Google Earth can be a useful tool for rapid mapping of new camps.

Data

• Topographic mapping and/or satellite imagery or air photos for site identification and selection.

• Data on environmental aspects of potential sites, including water resources.

• For detailed layout planning, site features data will be provided by camp coordination and camp management actors.

Resources

• Camp coordination and camp management global cluster

• Shelter Minimum Sphere Standards

These are products focus on sectoral humanitarian needs and operations in respect of emergency shelter. They may visualise housing data as a proxy indicator of shelter needs, and data from displacement tracking work, as well as data from specific shelter needs assessments. Later in the response, they may be used as a basis for transitional shelter and reconstruction planning.

Strategic or operational?

Both.

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline and situational.

When might it be produced?

They may be produced at any stage of an emergency response, but are likely to be most required and requested once a coordinated sectoral response is under way.

Intended audience

All humanitarian actors involved in shelter sector response, typically through the emergency shelter cluster. National authorities are likely to be key actors, possibly including civil protection, public works or housing ministries.

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Emergency shelter is often a crucial and urgent lifesaving need in disasters and emergencies. Mapped information on damage to and loss of dwellings, known locations of displaced people whether in formal camps or at information sites, is likely to be of high importance to the humanitarian response from an early stage of a disaster.

Methods

• Identify as early as possible the spatial tagging in use in damage, displacement tracking and needs assessment data collection, to ensure that collected data can be mapped.

• Use damage reports when necessary as a first proxy for shelter needs, but with care as damage analysis may not be standardised.

Data

• Administration boundary and settlement datasets that match the reporting structure (possibly the government’s) for reporting situational data.

• Where available, remote-sensed damage assessment data, but only if analysis is reliable and standardised, and coverage of data and analysis are known.

• Standardised data on shelter needs, from response actors and agencies working through the emergency shelter cluster.

• Baseline population data is likely to be important, to enable damage and potential displacement to be matched against the pre-disaster population.

• Emergency shelter cluster or other actors may provide spatially-analysed data on shelter materials and activities, for response planning and gap analysis.

Resources

• Global Shelter Cluster

• Shelter Minimum Sphere Standards

These are products to support sectoral responses for the emergency telecommunications cluster and communicating with disaster-affected people. Products focus on the availability and provision of emergency telecommunications as a tool for: (a) operational humanitarian response, and (b) communicating with disaster-affected communities. In the latter case they may include broadcast media such as community radio. They can be used to facilitate or maintain the telecommunications (radio and cellular phones) network infrastructure or to broadcast (usually through community radio) across the operational area. Inclusion data on the population and languages spoken by beneficiary communities is important to include where possible.

Strategic or operational?

Mainly operational.

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline and situational.

When might it be produced?

May be produced early in a humanitarian response to support the establishment of telecommunications and broadcast networks as a common service, or when planning communications actions with affected communities.

Intended audience

All humanitarian actors and, where relevant, disaster-affected communities.

Influence on humanitarian decisions

The provision of effective telecommunications is usually essential for needs assessment and operational control by individual agencies, and for effective inter-agency coordination. Existing telecommunications networks may be compromised by the disaster, or saturated by demand. Maps showing existing and planned coverage of telecommunications infrastructure may be an important planning tool for emergency telecommunications cluster actors, and also for agencies planning communications with disaster-affected communities.

Methods

• Effective modelling of radio reception in detail may not be practical, however simply mapping the locations of transmitters on topographic maps can be very useful for network planning.

• Even if network coverage is not accurately known, reported reception in key locations (e.g. major towns) may still be usefully annotated on maps.

Data

• Topographic base mapping showing terrain, for identification of likely radio network coverage.

• Population and settlements data.

• Data on existing and planned network infrastructure and coverage including cellular networks, HF and VHF radio, broadcast radio stations.

• For communications with disaster-affected communities activities, data on spatial distribution of languages may be very relevant.

Resources

• Global Emergency Telecommunications Cluster

• CDAC Network

There are a number of different disasters / emergencies in which the health of a population may be affected, including:

• War / conflict / violence

• Natural disasters

• Disease outbreaks

• Or a combination of the above

In the first instance the primary focus of a response may be on the immediate risk to life, as the response develops it is important to understand:

• The determinants of health - the population’s vulnerability before the incident

• The health system - the national healthcare delivery system and any disruption it is facing

• Profiles of morbidity / mortality - any endemic and emerging disease (existing and recently appearing disease) that can be both communicable and non-communicable disease (infectious and non-infectious)

• Emergency Medical Teams - any surge capacity being provide to the healthcare system

A good understanding of the in-country health system is required when responding to any disaster / emergency. The capacity of the system both before and after the disaster / emergency is required.

Once the current capacity of the system is established this can be mapped to the demand (identified through mapping of the determinants of health and morbidity / mortality) and enable the targeting of any additional resource that is required.

An example of this in disasters / emergencies is when emergency medical teams respond the positioning of these teams is decided based upon their capacity and the needs of the medical facilities in the affected area or country.

Safe and dignified burials are important to family and friends as well as for public health. Maps can be produced to visualise where facilities and practices are available for a safe and dignified burial.

Strategic or operational?

Both

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Situational

When might it be produced?

These maps will be produced once loss of life has occurred and at a time that is culturally appropriate for the community affected.

Intended audience

Invariably health is linked to many other vulnerabilities and is impacted by all eleven clusters in the UN system (sectors of the humanitarian system that help to coordinate a humanitarian response), in particular:

• Nutrition

• Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)

• Logistics - transport / access

The intended audience includes a variety of actors either directly involved in health, or those supporting health needs:

• Ministry of Health / Department for Health

• National Health Care Providers

• Local Government

• Civil Society / Community Organisations

• Affected communities / population

• National and International health related NGOs

• National Red Cross / International Federation of Red Cross

• World Health Organisation

• Emergency Medical Teams /Emergency Medical Teams Coordination Cell

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Will be dependent on if the maps are strategic, operational or both and will vary by intended audience. To be updated based on planned expert interviews.

Methods

Access to timely and accurate data is essential for a health response. It is important to get the best available data although it may not always be perfect.

Robust information management and governance is essential when accessing, storing and visualising health data. The agreed use of the data must be established and recorded from the outset.

A process of data manipulation may be required to ensure individuals, families or villages can not be identified. A number of methods can be used to achieve this including the suppression of small numbers, aggregation of data to a higher level and minimising the use of other data / detail on a map that could make identification easier. These checks must be in place to ensure patient’s right to privacy and dignity are maintained.

Data

Resources

• Global Health Cluster

• World Health Organisation

• Emergency Medical Teams

• Health Resource Availability Monitoring System (HeRAMS)

• Early Warning, Alert and Response System (EWARS)

• The Sphere Handbook - Minimum standards in Health action

• Multi-Cluster / Sector Initial Rapid Needs Assessment (MIRA)

• The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

• Ministry of Health / Department of Health (country specific)

• ACAPS

Protection products are those that focus on vulnerable groups within the affected population, typically focusing on child protection, gender-based violence (GBV), mine action or land, housing and property concerns. Security products typically report on incidents that have occurred, and may also show plans such as evacuation routes. Due to the sensitive nature of what this information may show, both protection and security products should be published and shared cautiously. In some cases they may only be shared within an organisation.

Strategic or operational?

Both.

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline and situational.

When might it be produced?

Protection products can be produced at any point. This is particularly the case during complex emergencies or in areas where there has been underlying tension in the past, i.e. areas that have a history of conflict. Demining programmes may occur during or immediately after the event, although these programmes will often be long term and therefore product updates may carry on longer too.

Intended audience

Anyone responsible for the protection of vulnerable groups, particularly child protection and victims of gender-based violence. Anyone involved with demining activity. Agency security officers who need to know where incidents may have occurred. IDP camp planners who may wish to allocate specific areas or specific resources to different groups based on their needs.

Influence on humanitarian decisions

The mapping of any reported incident or issue should highlight either broad areas of concern or hot spots where there may be groups of vulnerable people. In some cases this may lead to the need to evacuate vulnerable groups from the area. Cross-referenced with other information, it might be possible to address the problem by providing the appropriate aid. Anyone responsible for demining activity, this may lead to the evacuation of the local community where explosive remnants of war (ERW) may be scattered. If there are known minefields these will be shown as ‘no go areas’, with advice to avoid them.

Methods

Caution may need to be taken, particularly when publishing products on protection, as it is possible to aggravate already sensitive situations. It is sensible to use anonymous or data aggregated to a suitable level to mitigate this.

With security mapping, particularly relating to conflict, any maps representing land held should be represented as clearly as possible, particularly areas close to borders that are being fought over or areas that change hands frequently. To show the intensity of incidents, heat mapping is a good way of representing centres of activity. These maps also have a temporal element to them and lend themselves to animation too. Organisational evacuation routes should never be shown publicly without prior consent, as this may lead to an organisation being left vulnerable.

Demining activities have detailed standard operating procedures for the physical removal or destruction of mines and explosive remnants of war. With this in mind there is often a significant buffer around a contaminated area, and these are marked using internationally recognisable symbols. Areas can be divided into sectors in a similar way to those of search and rescue activities, so that they can be systematically cleared. Any evacuation routes or rendezvous points should be mapped.

Data

• Baseline population including demographics about gender, age groups, ethnicity, languages, etc

Resources

Covid-19: Global government measures During certain emergencies / disasters it may be necessary to implement:

• curfews

• travel restrictions

• corridors of safe travel between non-infected areas

Maps can be used to visualise these restrictions geographically.

Strategic or operational?

Both

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Situational

When might it be produced?

These maps will need to be produced as soon as a restriction is implemented, they will also need to be updated at the same pace as the restrictions do.

Intended audience

Invariably health is linked to many other vulnerabilities and is impacted by all eleven clusters in the UN system (sectors of the humanitarian system that help to coordinate a humanitarian response), in particular:

• Nutrition

• Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)

• Logistics - transport / access

The intended audience includes a variety of actors either directly involved in health, or those supporting health needs:

• Ministry of Health / Department for Health

• National Health Care Providers

• Local Government

• Civil Society / Community Organisations

• Affected communities / population

• National and International health related NGOs

• National Red Cross / International Federation of Red Cross

• World Health Organisation

• Emergency Medical Teams /Emergency Medical Teams Coordination Cell

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Will be dependent on if the maps are strategic, operational or both and will vary by intended audience. To be updated based on planned expert interviews.

Methods

Access to timely and accurate data is essential for a health response. It is important to get the best available data although it may not always be perfect.

Robust information management and governance is essential when accessing, storing and visualising health data. The agreed use of the data must be established and recorded from the outset.

A process of data manipulation may be required to ensure individuals, families or villages can not be identified. A number of methods can be used to achieve this including the suppression of small numbers, aggregation of data to a higher level and minimising the use of other data / detail on a map that could make identification easier. These checks must be in place to ensure patient’s right to privacy and dignity are maintained.

Data

• Curfews and areas applied to

• Travel restrictions and areas applied to

• Safe travel corridors

Resources

• Global Health Cluster

• World Health Organisation

• Emergency Medical Teams

• Health Resource Availability Monitoring System (HeRAMS)

• Early Warning, Alert and Response System (EWARS)

• The Sphere Handbook - Minimum standards in Health action

• Multi-Cluster / Sector Initial Rapid Needs Assessment (MIRA)

• The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

• Ministry of Health / Department of Health (country specific)

• ACAPS

Workforce mapping can be used to visualise the distribution of healthcare workforce including doctors, nurses, surgeons, health care assistants and operational managers. Level of training can also be visualised such as training in infection control.

Strategic or operational?

Both

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline

When might it be produced?

These maps can be produced as soon as the information is available and also updated as additional training takes place and needs to be reflected.

Intended audience

Invariably health is linked to many other vulnerabilities and is impacted by all eleven clusters in the UN system (sectors of the humanitarian system that help to coordinate a humanitarian response), in particular:

• Nutrition

• Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)

• Logistics - transport / access

The intended audience includes a variety of actors either directly involved in health, or those supporting health needs:

• Ministry of Health / Department for Health

• National Health Care Providers

• Local Government

• Civil Society / Community Organisations

• Affected communities / population

• National and International health related NGOs

• National Red Cross / International Federation of Red Cross

• World Health Organisation

• Emergency Medical Teams /Emergency Medical Teams Coordination Cell

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Will be dependent on if the maps are strategic, operational or both and will vary by intended audience. To be updated based on planned expert interviews.

Methods

Access to timely and accurate data is essential for a health response. It is important to get the best available data although it may not always be perfect. Questions should be asked such as:

When was the data collected? What time period does it cover? When will it next be updated? How accurate is the data? Are the figures actual or estimates?

Robust information management and governance is essential when accessing, storing and visualising health data. The agreed use of the data must be established and recorded from the outset.

A process of data manipulation may be required to ensure individuals, families or villages can not be identified. A number of methods can be used to achieve this including the suppression of small numbers, aggregation of data to a higher level and minimising the use of other data / detail on a map that could make identification easier. These checks must be in place to ensure patient’s right to privacy and dignity are maintained.

Data

• Count of workforce by type

• Count of workforce by type and level of additional training

Resources

• Global Health Cluster

• World Health Organisation

• Emergency Medical Teams

• Health Resource Availability Monitoring System (HeRAMS)

• Early Warning, Alert and Response System (EWARS)

• The Sphere Handbook - Minimum standards in Health action

• Multi-Cluster / Sector Initial Rapid Needs Assessment (MIRA)

• The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

• Ministry of Health / Department of Health (country specific)

• ACAPS

Once an understanding of the health system / facilities are mapped if there has been any impact on the functioning of the facilities this needs to be visualised. There are specific categories that functioning can be divided into:

• Functioning

• Partially functioning

• Not functioning

• Unknown

Where more specific details of the level of damage / function these should be included to give a full picture of the current healthcare system.

Strategic or operational?

Both

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline and Situational

When might it be produced?

These maps can be produced as soon as the information is available and also updated as the latest information is released. It will be important to ensure that no report of damaged is distinguished from a report where no damage have been sustained.

Intended audience

Invariably health is linked to many other vulnerabilities and is impacted by all eleven clusters in the UN system (sectors of the humanitarian system that help to coordinate a humanitarian response), in particular:

• Nutrition

• Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)

• Logistics - transport / access

The intended audience includes a variety of actors either directly involved in health, or those supporting health needs:

• Ministry of Health / Department for Health

• National Health Care Providers

• Local Government

• Civil Society / Community Organisations

• Affected communities / population

• National and International health related NGOs

• National Red Cross / International Federation of Red Cross

• World Health Organisation

• Emergency Medical Teams /Emergency Medical Teams Coordination Cell

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Will be dependent on if the maps are strategic, operational or both and will vary by intended audience. To be updated based on planned expert interviews.

Methods

Access to timely and accurate data is essential for a health response. It is important to get the best available data although it may not always be perfect.

When mapping the health system / facilities status it will be important to ensure that no report of damaged is distinguished from a report where no damage have been sustained.

Robust information management and governance is essential when accessing, storing and visualising health data. The agreed use of the data must be established and recorded from the outset.

A process of data manipulation may be required to ensure individuals, families or villages can not be identified. A number of methods can be used to achieve this including the suppression of small numbers, aggregation of data to a higher level and minimising the use of other data / detail on a map that could make identification easier. These checks must be in place to ensure patient’s right to privacy and dignity are maintained.

Data

• Health facilities by type

• Health facilities by type and level of care provided

• Health Facilities operational status

Resources

• Global Health Cluster

• World Health Organisation

• Emergency Medical Teams

• Health Resource Availability Monitoring System (HeRAMS)

• Early Warning, Alert and Response System (EWARS)

• The Sphere Handbook - Minimum standards in Health action

• Multi-Cluster / Sector Initial Rapid Needs Assessment (MIRA)

• The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

• Ministry of Health / Department of Health (country specific)

• ACAPS

Once an understanding of the geographical location and type of healthcare facilities is established the capacity can then be mapped for each type of service provided including:

• the number of inpatient beds per facility

• the number of operating theatres per facility

• the number of intensive care beds per facility

Strategic or operational?

Both

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline and Situational

When might it be produced?

Healthcare system capacity information are baseline information that should be available and mapped as soon as an emergency / disaster where health is impacted occurs

Intended audience

Invariably health is linked to many other vulnerabilities and is impacted by all eleven clusters in the UN system (sectors of the humanitarian system that help to coordinate a humanitarian response), in particular:

• Nutrition

• Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)

• Logistics - transport / access

The intended audience includes a variety of actors either directly involved in health, or those supporting health needs:

• Ministry of Health / Department for Health

• National Health Care Providers

• Local Government

• Civil Society / Community Organisations

• Affected communities / population

• National and International health related NGOs

• National Red Cross / International Federation of Red Cross

• World Health Organisation

• Emergency Medical Teams /Emergency Medical Teams Coordination Cell

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Will be dependent on if the maps are strategic, operational or both and will vary by intended audience. To be updated based on planned expert interviews.

Methods

Access to timely and accurate data is essential for a health response. It is important to get the best available data although it may not always be perfect.

Robust information management and governance is essential when accessing, storing and visualising health data. The agreed use of the data must be established and recorded from the outset.

A process of data manipulation may be required to ensure individuals, families or villages can not be identified. A number of methods can be used to achieve this including the suppression of small numbers, aggregation of data to a higher level and minimising the use of other data / detail on a map that could make identification easier. These checks must be in place to ensure patient’s right to privacy and dignity are maintained.

Data

• Number of beds per facility

• Number of operating theatres per facility

• Number of critical care beds

Resources

• Global Health Cluster

• World Health Organisation

• Emergency Medical Teams

• Health Resource Availability Monitoring System (HeRAMS)

• Early Warning, Alert and Response System (EWARS)

• The Sphere Handbook - Minimum standards in Health action

• Multi-Cluster / Sector Initial Rapid Needs Assessment (MIRA)

• The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

• Ministry of Health / Department of Health (country specific)

• ACAPS

Healthcare system and facility maps show the geographical location of health facilities including:

• Primary care: primary care practices, pharmacies

• Secondary care: type of hospital and level of care i.e. outpatient, inpatient and specialist care

• Supporting facilities: laboratories

Strategic or operational?

Both

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline

When might it be produced?

Healthcare system / facilities are baseline information that should be available and mapped as soon as an emergency / disaster where health is impacted occurs

Intended audience

Invariably health is linked to many other vulnerabilities and is impacted by all eleven clusters in the UN system (sectors of the humanitarian system that help to coordinate a humanitarian response), in particular:

• Nutrition

• Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)

• Logistics - transport / access

The intended audience includes a variety of actors either directly involved in health, or those supporting health needs:

• Ministry of Health / Department for Health

• National Health Care Providers

• Local Government

• Civil Society / Community Organisations

• Affected communities / population

• National and International health related NGOs

• National Red Cross / International Federation of Red Cross

• World Health Organisation

• Emergency Medical Teams /Emergency Medical Teams Coordination Cell

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Will be dependent on if the maps are strategic, operational or both and will vary by intended audience. To be updated based on planned expert interviews.

Methods

Access to timely and accurate data is essential for a health response. It is important to get the best available data although it may not always be perfect.

When mapping the health system / facilities existing in-country health care facility classifications should be used.

Robust information management and governance is essential when accessing, storing and visualising health data. The agreed use of the data must be established and recorded from the outset.

A process of data manipulation may be required to ensure individuals, families or villages can not be identified. A number of methods can be used to achieve this including the suppression of small numbers, aggregation of data to a higher level and minimising the use of other data / detail on a map that could make identification easier. These checks must be in place to ensure patient’s right to privacy and dignity are maintained.

Data

• Health facilities by type

• Health facilities by type and level of care provided

Resources

• Global Health Cluster

• World Health Organisation

• Emergency Medical Teams

• Health Resource Availability Monitoring System (HeRAMS)

• Early Warning, Alert and Response System (EWARS)

• The Sphere Handbook - Minimum standards in Health action

• Multi-Cluster / Sector Initial Rapid Needs Assessment (MIRA)

• The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

• Ministry of Health / Department of Health (country specific)

• ACAPS

Emergency Medical Teams (EMTs) are teams of quality assured healthcare professionals set up to provide surge capacity in a disaster / emergency.

These teams can be national and / or international but are guided by the common principle of self-sufficiency and the with the aim to strengthen the existing capacity of the health system in country.

EMTs have standardised daily reporting that goes to both the Ministry of Health and the EMT CC. This reporting collates what is currently occurring in the EMTs facilities and can be mapped daily.

Strategic or operational?

Both

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Situational

When might it be produced?

Emergency medical Teams are deployed during an emergency and their daily reporting can be mapped as soon as it commences. Maps should be kept up to date throughout the emergency to account for any changes over time and can be updated daily.

Intended audience

Invariably health is linked to many other vulnerabilities and is impacted by all eleven clusters in the UN system (sectors of the humanitarian system that help to coordinate a humanitarian response), in particular:

• Nutrition

• Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)

• Logistics - transport / access

The intended audience includes a variety of actors either directly involved in health, or those supporting health needs:

• Ministry of Health / Department for Health

• National Health Care Providers

• Local Government

• Civil Society / Community Organisations

• Affected communities / population

• National and International health related NGOs

• National Red Cross / International Federation of Red Cross

• World Health Organisation

• Emergency Medical Teams /Emergency Medical Teams Coordination Cell

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Will be dependent on if the maps are strategic, operational or both and will vary by intended audience. To be updated based on planned expert interviews.

Methods

Access to timely and accurate data is essential for a health response. It is important to get the best available data although it may not always be perfect.

Robust information management and governance is essential when accessing, storing and visualising health data. The agreed use of the data must be established and recorded from the outset.

A process of data manipulation may be required to ensure individuals, families or villages can not be identified. A number of methods can be used to achieve this including the suppression of small numbers, aggregation of data to a higher level and minimising the use of other data / detail on a map that could make identification easier. These checks must be in place to ensure patient’s right to privacy and dignity are maintained.

Data

• EMT daily reporting

• Cluster daily/weekly reporting

Resources

• Global Health Cluster

• World Health Organisation

• Emergency Medical Teams

• Health Resource Availability Monitoring System (HeRAMS)

• Early Warning, Alert and Response System (EWARS)

• The Sphere Handbook - Minimum standards in Health action

• Multi-Cluster / Sector Initial Rapid Needs Assessment (MIRA)

• The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

• Ministry of Health / Department of Health (country specific)

• ACAPS

Emergency Medical Teams (EMTs) are quality assured by the WHO. Teams can be Type 1 - Outpatient Emergency Care, Type 2 - Inpatient Surgical Emergency Care, Type 3 - Inpatient Referral Care and additional specialist care. Both the type and location of these teams should be mapped along with where the Emergency medical Team Coordination Cell (EMT CC) is located.

Strategic or operational?

Both

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Situational

When might it be produced?

Emergency medical Teams are deployed during an emergency and should be mapped as soon as their location and type is known, maps should be kept up to date throughout the emergency to account for any changes over time.

Intended audience

Invariably health is linked to many other vulnerabilities and is impacted by all eleven clusters in the UN system (sectors of the humanitarian system that help to coordinate a humanitarian response), in particular:

• Nutrition

• Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)

• Logistics - transport / access

The intended audience includes a variety of actors either directly involved in health, or those supporting health needs:

• Ministry of Health / Department for Health

• National Health Care Providers

• Local Government

• Civil Society / Community Organisations

• Affected communities / population

• National and International health related NGOs

• National Red Cross / International Federation of Red Cross

• World Health Organisation

• Emergency Medical Teams /Emergency Medical Teams Coordination Cell

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Will be dependent on if the maps are strategic, operational or both and will vary by intended audience. To be updated based on planned expert interviews.

Methods

Access to timely and accurate data is essential for a health response. It is important to get the best available data although it may not always be perfect.

Robust information management and governance is essential when accessing, storing and visualising health data. The agreed use of the data must be established and recorded from the outset.

A process of data manipulation may be required to ensure individuals, families or villages can not be identified. A number of methods can be used to achieve this including the suppression of small numbers, aggregation of data to a higher level and minimising the use of other data / detail on a map that could make identification easier. These checks must be in place to ensure patient’s right to privacy and dignity are maintained.

Data

• EMTs, type and location

Resources

• Global Health Cluster

• World Health Organisation

• Emergency Medical Teams

• Health Resource Availability Monitoring System (HeRAMS)

• Early Warning, Alert and Response System (EWARS)

• The Sphere Handbook - Minimum standards in Health action

• Multi-Cluster / Sector Initial Rapid Needs Assessment (MIRA)

• The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

• Ministry of Health / Department of Health (country specific)

• ACAPS

Incidence proportion or attack rate measured as the number of new cases per population over a given period of time, where the population is measured as an average within the given time period or at a midpoint population. Incidence is used to represent the risk / probability of contracting a specific disease. Incidence can also be measured as a secondary attack rate looking at the number of cases transmitted through contact per contact.

Strategic or operational?

Both

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline and Situational

When might it be produced?

Prevalence maps are used to understand the risk / probability of contracting a specific disease. These maps should be created as soon as the information is available and continually updated through an emergency, it is particularly important to look at these maps over time to show how a disease is progressing.

Intended audience

Invariably health is linked to many other vulnerabilities and is impacted by all eleven clusters in the UN system (sectors of the humanitarian system that help to coordinate a humanitarian response), in particular:

• Nutrition

• Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)

• Logistics - transport / access

The intended audience includes a variety of actors either directly involved in health, or those supporting health needs:

• Ministry of Health / Department for Health

• National Health Care Providers

• Local Government

• Civil Society / Community Organisations

• Affected communities / population

• National and International health related NGOs

• National Red Cross / International Federation of Red Cross

• World Health Organisation

• Emergency Medical Teams /Emergency Medical Teams Coordination Cell

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Will be dependent on if the maps are strategic, operational or both and will vary by intended audience. To be updated based on planned expert interviews.

Methods

Access to timely and accurate data is essential for a health response. It is important to get the best available data although it may not always be perfect. Questions should be asked such as:

When was the data collected? What time period does it cover? When will it next be updated? How accurate is the data? Are the figures actual or estimates? Is it an attack rate or a secondary attack rate? What population was used as the denominator? Is the rate per 1,000, 10,000 or 100,000 population?

Incidence is calculated as the volume of anew cases with a specific disease divided by the population at risk, if population data is not available it may also be shown as a volume of new cases with a specific disease over a given time period.

Robust information management and governance is essential when accessing, storing and visualising health data. The agreed use of the data must be established and recorded from the outset.

A process of data manipulation may be required to ensure individuals, families or villages can not be identified. A number of methods can be used to achieve this including the suppression of small numbers, aggregation of data to a higher level and minimising the use of other data / detail on a map that could make identification easier. These checks must be in place to ensure patient’s right to privacy and dignity are maintained.

Data

• Count of new cases over a given time period

• Count of new cases over a given time period divided by population at risk at the beginning of the

  time period - often shown as rate per 1,000, 10,000 or 100,000 population

Resources

• Global Health Cluster

• World Health Organisation

• Emergency Medical Teams

• Health Resource Availability Monitoring System (HeRAMS)

• Early Warning, Alert and Response System (EWARS)

• The Sphere Handbook - Minimum standards in Health action

• Multi-Cluster / Sector Initial Rapid Needs Assessment (MIRA)

• The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

• Ministry of Health / Department of Health (country specific)

• ACAPS

Mortality / death can be measured in a number of ways including, crude deaths, crude death rate, case fatality and death to case ratios. Mortality maps will be cause / disease specific and can be broken down by particular demographics / risk factors for the disease such as age and sex. Theses maps show the severity and impact of a specific disease or emergency event.

Strategic or operational?

Both

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline and Situational

When might it be produced?

Mortality maps are used to understand the severity and impact of a specific disease / emergency event. These maps should be created as soon as the information is available and continually updated through an emergency, it is particularly important to look at these maps over time to show how a disease is progressing.

Intended audience

Invariably health is linked to many other vulnerabilities and is impacted by all eleven clusters in the UN system (sectors of the humanitarian system that help to coordinate a humanitarian response), in particular:

• Nutrition

• Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)

• Logistics - transport / access

The intended audience includes a variety of actors either directly involved in health, or those supporting health needs:

• Ministry of Health / Department for Health

• National Health Care Providers

• Local Government

• Civil Society / Community Organisations

• Affected communities / population

• National and International health related NGOs

• National Red Cross / International Federation of Red Cross

• World Health Organisation

• Emergency Medical Teams /Emergency Medical Teams Coordination Cell

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Will be dependent on if the maps are strategic, operational or both and will vary by intended audience. To be updated based on planned expert interviews.

Methods

Access to timely and accurate data is essential for a health response. It is important to get the best available data although it may not always be perfect. Questions should be asked such as:

When was the data collected? What time period does it cover? When will it next be updated? How accurate is the data? Are the figures actual or estimates? Is it a crude number, a crude rate, an adjusted or standardised rate?

Robust information management and governance is essential when accessing, storing and visualising health data. The agreed use of the data must be established and recorded from the outset.

A process of data manipulation may be required to ensure individuals, families or villages can not be identified. A number of methods can be used to achieve this including the suppression of small numbers, aggregation of data to a higher level and minimising the use of other data / detail on a map that could make identification easier. These checks must be in place to ensure patient’s right to privacy and dignity are maintained.

Data

• Crude deaths - count of deaths

• Crude death rates - % deaths from a specific disease within the general population within a specific time period

• Case fatality rate - % of deaths from a specific disease within a population who have that disease over the course of the disease

• Death to case - count of deaths divided by the number of new cases within a specific time period

Resources

• Global Health Cluster

• World Health Organisation

• Emergency Medical Teams

• Health Resource Availability Monitoring System (HeRAMS)

• Early Warning, Alert and Response System (EWARS)

• The Sphere Handbook - Minimum standards in Health action

• Multi-Cluster / Sector Initial Rapid Needs Assessment (MIRA)

• The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

• Ministry of Health / Department of Health (country specific)

• ACAPS

These maps can be used to show the demand placed on a health system and can be expressed as a number of measures for example: count of attendances or count of admissions / discharges to primary, secondary or tertiary care facilities. In secondary care a common measure used is the hospital discharge rate.

Strategic or operational?

Both

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline and Situational

When might it be produced?

Attendances / hospitalisation rate maps are used to visualise the demand that is being placed on a healthcare system. These maps should be created as soon as the information is available, continually updated through an emergency as well as historically. It is important to look at these maps over time,including historically to demonstrate baseline demand as well as increases in demand due to a disaster / emergency.

Intended audience

Invariably health is linked to many other vulnerabilities and is impacted by all eleven clusters in the UN system (sectors of the humanitarian system that help to coordinate a humanitarian response), in particular:

• Nutrition

• Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)

• Logistics - transport / access

The intended audience includes a variety of actors either directly involved in health, or those supporting health needs:

• Ministry of Health / Department for Health

• National Health Care Providers

• Local Government

• Civil Society / Community Organisations

• Affected communities / population

• National and International health related NGOs

• National Red Cross / International Federation of Red Cross

• World Health Organisation

• Emergency Medical Teams /Emergency Medical Teams Coordination Cell

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Will be dependent on if the maps are strategic, operational or both and will vary by intended audience. To be updated based on planned expert interviews.

Methods

Access to timely and accurate data is essential for a health response. It is important to get the best available data although it may not always be perfect. Questions should be asked such as:

When was the data collected? What time period does it cover? When will it next be updated? How accurate is the data? Are the figures actual or estimates? Is it a crude number, a crude rate, an adjusted or standardised rate?

Robust information management and governance is essential when accessing, storing and visualising health data. The agreed use of the data must be established and recorded from the outset.

A process of data manipulation may be required to ensure individuals, families or villages can not be identified. A number of methods can be used to achieve this including the suppression of small numbers, aggregation of data to a higher level and minimising the use of other data / detail on a map that could make identification easier. These checks must be in place to ensure patient’s right to privacy and dignity are maintained.

Data

• Count of attendances

• Count of admissions

• Hospital discharge rate = volume of discharges / population (excluding same day discharges including

  deaths) per 100,000 inhabitants

Resources

• Global Health Cluster

• World Health Organisation

• Emergency Medical Teams

• Health Resource Availability Monitoring System (HeRAMS)

• Early Warning, Alert and Response System (EWARS)

• The Sphere Handbook - Minimum standards in Health action

• Multi-Cluster / Sector Initial Rapid Needs Assessment (MIRA)

• The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

• Ministry of Health / Department of Health (country specific)

• ACAPS

Map shows the agricultural areas that have been affected by an emergency classed by severity overlaid onto livelihood zones.

Strategic or operational?

Strategic and operational

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Situational

When might it be produced?

As early as possible in a response.

Intended audience

• World Food Programme (WFP)

• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Useful for food distribution agencies for informing them where areas have been damaged that are used for agricultural/livestock production.

Methods

Using a simple basemap showing land use overlaid with the extent of areas affected by the disaster. The extent of those affected areas if possible should be ranked by severity. There might be a temporal element about the affected areas as this might change over time (floods etc.).

Data

• Areas affected by disaster, if available classed by severity

• Land use

Resources

Map shows the number of hectares and numbers of farmers affected in agricultural development centres across the Caprivi Strip against the total population in constituencies

Strategic or operational?

Operational

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Situational

When might it be produced?

After assessment. Can be revised if better or more granular information becomes available.

Intended audience

• World Food Programme (WFP)

• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

• Government Departments (Department of Agriculture)

• Civil Society, Community Organisations

• Red Cross Societies

• Logistics Teams

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Useful for food distribution agencies for establishing where staples, crops and livestock may be affected and understand how much food supply has been lost, and agricultural organisations in terms of what will be needed to restock or replant once disaster driver has been removed (e.g. flood).

Methods

Access to timely and accurate data is essential for a Food Security response. It is important to get the best available data although it may not always be perfect. Questions should be asked such as:

• When was the data collected?

• What time period does it cover?

• When will it next be updated?

• How accurate is the data?

• Are the figure actual, estimates or projections?

• What level of granularity is the data available at? What area might the data be reflected on

• Is the data publicly available, are there any restrictions on publishing?

A large amount of demographic data is publicly available online but consideration should be taken of any sensitivities that may relate to this data for example ethnicity. These sensitivities may lead to a decision to not place a certain dataset on a map.

Robust information management and governance is essential when accessing, storing and visualising Food Security data. The agreed use of the data must be established and recorded from the outset.

Data

• Administration boundaries

• Population census

• Topographic data

  • Roads

  • Rivers

  • Elevation

• Areas of land affected

• Numbers of Farmers Affected

• Preferable if some values on types of crop, number of livestock that have been lost.

Resources

Maps shows issues related in the Multi-Cluster Initial Rapid Assessment (MIRA) and pertaining to the Food cluster.

Strategic or operational?

Strategic

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Situational

When might it be produced?

After MIRA assessment.

Intended audience

• World Food Programme (WFP)

• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

• Government Departments (Department of Agriculture)

Influence on humanitarian decisions

This will inform government and NGO response where aid is needed.

Methods

Data collected to produce the map will come from the Multi-Sector Initial Rapid Assessment (MIRA). It is therefore really important that the MIRA assessment is conducted in such a way that the outcomes can be easily represented spatially.

Data

• Administrative boundaries

• Populated places/P-Codes

• Assessment results

Resources

Mapping of morbidity (disease) and mortality (death) can help to identify:

• clusters

• sources and

• potential transmission routes

The patterns of morbidity and mortality that are important to investigate are:

• Endemic (existing) and emerging (recently appearing) disease

• both communicable (infectious) and non-communicable disease (non-infectious)

Across all health related responses to aid good decision making it is essential to track health over time, for example in epidemics this will help understand the progression of the incident i.e. are cases increasing or decreasing.

The percentage of a population vaccinated at a specific age within a specific population. These maps are used to visualise how widespread vaccination coverage is.

Strategic or operational?

Both

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline and Situational

When might it be produced?

Vaccination coverage is the best indicator of a populations protection against a specific disease. Vaccination coverage maps should be created as soon as the information is available, updated through an emergency as well as historically. It is important to look at these maps over time, including historically to demonstrate baseline coverage as well any increases or decreases in coverage, that could pose a risk to populations.

Intended audience

Invariably health is linked to many other vulnerabilities and is impacted by all eleven clusters in the UN system (sectors of the humanitarian system that help to coordinate a humanitarian response), in particular:

• Nutrition

• Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)

• Logistics - transport / access

The intended audience includes a variety of actors either directly involved in health, or those supporting health needs:

• Ministry of Health / Department for Health

• National Health Care Providers

• Local Government

• Civil Society / Community Organisations

• Affected communities / population

• National and International health related NGOs

• National Red Cross / International Federation of Red Cross

• World Health Organisation

• Emergency Medical Teams /Emergency Medical Teams Coordination Cell

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Will be dependent on if the maps are strategic, operational or both and will vary by intended audience. To be updated based on planned expert interviews.

Methods

Access to timely and accurate data is essential for a health response. It is important to get the best available data although it may not always be perfect. Questions should be asked such as:

When was the data collected? What time period does it cover? When will it next be updated? How accurate is the data? Are the figures actual or estimates? What age range do this data cover?

Robust information management and governance is essential when accessing, storing and visualising health data. The agreed use of the data must be established and recorded from the outset.

A process of data manipulation may be required to ensure individuals, families or villages can not be identified. A number of methods can be used to achieve this including the suppression of small numbers, aggregation of data to a higher level and minimising the use of other data / detail on a map that could make identification easier. These checks must be in place to ensure patient’s right to privacy and dignity are maintained.

Data

• Percentage of population vaccinated within a given time period

Resources

• Global Health Cluster

• World Health Organisation

• Emergency Medical Teams

• Health Resource Availability Monitoring System (HeRAMS)

• Early Warning, Alert and Response System (EWARS)

• The Sphere Handbook - Minimum standards in Health action

• Multi-Cluster / Sector Initial Rapid Needs Assessment (MIRA)

• The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

• Ministry of Health / Department of Health (country specific)

• ACAPS

Disease prevalence maps highlight the proportion of people within a population that have a specific disease (both existing and emerging cases), prevalence can be measured at a specific point in time (point prevalence) or over a specific time period (period prevalence). Prevalence maps indicate how widespread a disease is.

Strategic or operational?

Both

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline and Situational

When might it be produced?

Prevalence maps are used to understand how widespread a disease is. They can be created at the beginning of an emergency to understand the underlying disease profile of a population pre-emergency as well as during an emergency to understand how widespread a disease has become.

Intended audience

Invariably health is linked to many other vulnerabilities and is impacted by all eleven clusters in the UN system (sectors of the humanitarian system that help to coordinate a humanitarian response), in particular:

• Nutrition

• Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)

• Logistics - transport / access

The intended audience includes a variety of actors either directly involved in health, or those supporting health needs:

• Ministry of Health / Department for Health

• National Health Care Providers

• Local Government

• Civil Society / Community Organisations

• Affected communities / population

• National and International health related NGOs

• National Red Cross / International Federation of Red Cross

• World Health Organisation

• Emergency Medical Teams /Emergency Medical Teams Coordination Cell

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Will be dependent on if the maps are strategic, operational or both and will vary by intended audience. To be updated based on planned expert interviews.

Access to timely and accurate data is essential for a health response. It is important to get the best available data although it may not always be perfect. Questions should be asked such as:

When was the data collected? What time period does it cover? When will it next be updated? How accurate is the data? Are the figures actual or estimates? Is it point prevalence or period prevalence? What population was used as the denominator? Is the rate per 1,000, 10,000 or 100,000 population?

Prevalence is calculated as the volume of a population with a specific disease divided by the population, if population data is not available it may also be shown as a volume of people that have a specific disease at a point in time or over a given time period.

Robust information management and governance is essential when accessing, storing and visualising health data. The agreed use of the data must be established and recorded from the outset.

A process of data manipulation may be required to ensure individuals, families or villages can not be identified. A number of methods can be used to achieve this including the suppression of small numbers, aggregation of data to a higher level and minimising the use of other data / detail on a map that could make identification easier. These checks must be in place to ensure patient’s right to privacy and dignity are maintained.

Data

• Count of cases at a specific point in time

• Count of cases over a given time period

• Count of cases at a specific point in time divided by population at risk at the same point in time - often shown as rate per 1,000, 10,000 or 100,000 population

• Count of cases over a given time period divided by either the average population over the time period or a midpoint population - often shown as rate per 1,000, 10,000 or 100,000 population

Resources

• Global Health Cluster

• World Health Organisation

• Emergency Medical Teams

• Health Resource Availability Monitoring System (HeRAMS)

• Early Warning, Alert and Response System (EWARS)

• The Sphere Handbook - Minimum standards in Health action

• Multi-Cluster / Sector Initial Rapid Needs Assessment (MIRA)

• The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

• Ministry of Health / Department of Health (country specific)

• ACAPS

The map or infographic shows the areas within which people share broadly the same patterns of livelihood, populations that share similar levels of wealth (locally defined) & their livelihood strategies within each wealth group.

Strategic or operational?

Strategic

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline

When might it be produced?

Once HEA assessment complete. Full assessment normally takes about 4 weeks so if depends at what point we enter the response and whether assessments are already underway. Otherwise see the 'Response' table in which a Rapid HEA can be performed.

Intended audience

• World Food Programme (WFP)

• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Supports a contextual understanding of the area of interest. Useful for understanding risk to population and where areas are more prone to transition to a higher level of food insecurity.

Methods

Similar to the second map but will tend to have higher granularity of information, as would be based on more comprehensive assessment and primary data collection by other agencies.

Data

• HEA output

Resources

• Food economy group - baseline assessment

Measures of which staple crops/food stuffs are imported. Could be a map showing key entry points and if possible types of materials coming in and where these goods are moved to.

Strategic or operational?

Strategic & Operational

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline

When might it be produced?

As early as possible in a response.

Intended audience

World Food Programme (WFP) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) may use these for contextualising the crisis.

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Supports a contextual understanding of the staples and reliance within the population.

Methods

Simple basemap showing key entry points and if possible types of materials coming in and where these goods are moved to.

Data

• Ports

• Airports

• storage facilities and warehouses

• Types of goods imported and the main areas these goods are transported to.

Map shows estimated food insecurity for flood affected regions using the Integrated Phase Classification (IPC) scale from the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET).

Strategic or operational?

Operational

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Situational

When might it be produced?

As early as possible in a response.

Intended audience

• World Food Programme (WFP)

• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

• Government Departments (Department of Agriculture)

Influence on humanitarian decisions

The map will be one of the most important in a response for identifying priority areas where food insecurity needs are at their greatest.

Methods

The map uses the existing IPC classification to identify whether regions are stressed, in crisis, in emergency or in catastrophe/famine.

The IPC uses survey data which will require an understanding of the metadata around temporal elements (date of collection, date of publication, frequency), the geographic elements (coverage, sampling frame) and the quality elements (modelling approach, uncertainty, confidence intervals).

The map also includes settlement locations and water bodies to provide context to the IPC data.

Data

• Administrative Boundaries

• Water bodies

• Settlements

• IPC classification data

Resources

• Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET)

• Integrated Phase Classification (IPC)

Showing the main seasonal activities and their spatial variability, which contribute to livelihood vulnerability in different seasons. What are people reliant on in that season? This helps provide an understand the timing of your response.

Strategic or operational?

Strategic

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline

When might it be produced?

As early as possible in a response.

Intended audience

World Food Programme (WFP) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) may use these for contextualising the crisis.

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Supports a contextual understanding of the area of interest. Helps establish how a FS situation may evolve over time and support distribution agencies by informing them or which areas and which time might need additional support.

Methods

Use multiple maps to represent different seasons (i.e. wet, dry; or calendar months - DJF, MAM, JJA, SON) to show the different livelihood activities per season. For example, there might be specific crops planted, harvested at specific times or different types of livelihood activities might be undertaken at different times of the year. The maps should answer the question, what are people in a give area most reliant upon at specific time of the year.

Data

• Dominant Livelihood activity types

• Administration boundaries

Map shows the estimated cost of damage by province, to five agricultural themes - corn, rice, livestock, high value cash crops (mango, banana, papaya, vegetables) and agricultural facilities and equipment. The map also includes a bar graph of the total estimated cost per region.

Strategic or operational?

Strategic

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Situational

When might it be produced?

After assessments.

Intended audience

• World Food Programme (WFP)

• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

• Government Departments (Department of Agriculture)

Influence on humanitarian decisions

This will inform government and NGO response with a particular focus on where cash based transfers might be needed.

Methods

Data collected to produce the map will come largely from government/NGO surveys of affected populations.

This will bring the requirement for additional metadata on the surveys themselves to understand the temporal elements (date of collection, date of publication, frequency), the geographic elements (coverage, sampling frame) and the quality elements (modelling approach, uncertainty, confidence intervals)

Data

• Administrative Boundaries

• Agricultural survey data - type of farming, livestock populations, arable area, value of agricultural resources lost.

Resources

The map shows the locations where conflict is occuring - insecure regions, maps of migrant flows and concentrations of migrants (IDP/refugee) overlaid on food insecutiry information (IPC).

Strategic or operational?

Strategic

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Basemap, baseline or situational

When might it be produced?

As early as possible in a response and repeated as situation changes.

Intended audience

• World Food Programme (WFP)

• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Supports a contextual understanding of the area. It is useful for helping to understand where populations are moving and where there may be issues for distributions etc.

Methods

Use a simple basemap to show administrative areas, areas of active conflict & unrest and overlay with arrows showing movements of people. Labels indicate increase or decrease in vulnerable people to an area.

Data

• Conflict zones and areas of unrest.

• Movement of people and numbers of people if available.

• Basic population density information and Administration boundaries.

The maps should show the locations where staples are available. This can be a series of separate maps showing where staples are available. Ideally, it is better if the price of staples can be represented at each location.

Strategic or operational?

Strategic and operational

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline and situational

When might it be produced?

As early as possible in a response & repeated as situation changes.

Intended audience

World Food Programme (WFP) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) may use these for contextualising the crisis.

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Supports a contextual understanding of the staples and reliance within the population.

Methods

Simple basemap showing key entry points and if possible types of materials coming in and where these goods are moved to.

Data

• Ports

• Airports

• storage facilities and warehouses

• Types of goods imported and the main areas these goods are transported to.

Data derived from satellite imagery that shows land use, primarily agriculture and can be potentially linking with markets mapping.

Strategic or operational?

Strategic

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Basemap

When might it be produced?

It is dependent on data availability.

Intended audience

• Government

• strategic response planners

Influence on humanitarian decisions

The map will help identify potential improvements to food supply chain and the infrastructure improvements.

Methods

It requires a reliable source of classified imagery, and the analysis of its relationship to markets and other infrastructure data, including transport. Likely to require significant effort to produce.

Data

• Classified satellite imagery

• Infrastructure data

Showing the general predominant types of livelihood across the region (range land, cropping, river/lake or sea fishing or where cash based economy dominates).

Strategic or operational?

Strategic

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline

When might it be produced?

As early as possible in a response.

Intended audience

World Food Programme (WFP) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) may use these for contextualising the crisis.

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Supports a contextual understanding of the area of interest. Useful for understanding broad-scale risks to the population.

Methods

Use a simple basemap to show typical livelihood zones (e.g. http://fews.net/east-africa/kenya/livelihood-zone-map/march-2011) with key geographical features (rivers, lakes, terrain etc).

Data

• Agricultural land

• Waterbodies

Climate zones showing when harvesting times for staple crops are expected. Which climate zones relate to which dependencies in the population at different times of the year. This can link this to seasonal forecast outlooks to highlight areas that may become susceptible to food insecurity.

Strategic or operational?

Strategic

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline

When might it be produced?

As early as possible in a response.

Intended audience

World Food Programme (WFP) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) may use these for contextualising the crisis.

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Supports identification of vulnerable individuals, identifies where the risk to people is greatest. Useful for food distribution agencies for informing them which areas are likely to require addition support.

Methods

Use a simple basemap showing the land use and/or crop type distribution, overlain with climate zones (or rainfall climatology data) and expected harvest time for each crop type (as a label or graphic). Could include link to the seasonal outlooks that are provided by DFID if available.

Data

• Crop type (irrigated/rain-fed)

• Climate zones &/or rainfall climatology data

• Expected harvest period

Resources

• GPCC Global Precipitation Climatology Centre

• Global Cropland Datasets

• EarthStat Website

The map should include geographical data that shows the incidence of diseases related to food insecurity and malnutrition.

Strategic or operational?

Strategic

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline

When might it be produced?

This will be dependent on the availability of data.

Intended audience

• Strategic response planners

• The health cluster.

Influence on humanitarian decisions

The maps shows areas affected by long-term food security, using health as a proxy indicator. It supports the targeting of response.

Methods

Depending on data available, and boundaries used (i.e. health or admin). If possible try to provide analysis that identifies areas of high incidence of food security related disease. Significant expertise needed from health professionals to ensure validity of results. If temporal data is available, then show trends over time, or current trend for each area. Possibly relate to data on response to measure effectiveness.

Data

• Disease records at appropriate level of granularity.

This map shows the analysis of impact of food insecurity on the different demographic and gender groups.

Strategic or operational?

Strategic

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Situational

When might it be produced?

It is dependent on data availability.

Intended audience

• Government

• Strategic response planners

Influence on humanitarian decisions

The map will help supporting the targeting in a response.

Methods

Where there is more than vulnerable group look at potentially using multiple map frames (one per group).

Data

• Breakdown of food security and availability by demography/gender.

This map is a variation of the reference and infrastructure maps described in the core maps section of this guide but will include such information as the locations of markets, warehouses and links to agriculture.

Strategic or operational?

Strategic

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Situational

When might it be produced?

It will be dependent on the availability of data.

Intended audience

• The government

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Inform strategic long-term infrastructure planning and investment.

Methods

Create a basemap showing agricultural information and landuse if available.

Data

• Infrastructure including:

  • Farm locations

  • Warehouses

• Landuse

Data derived from satellite imagery that shows land use, primarily agriculture and can be potentially linking with markets mapping.

Strategic or operational?

Strategic

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Basemap

When might it be produced?

It is dependent on data availability.

Intended audience

• Government

• strategic response planners

Influence on humanitarian decisions

The map will help identify potential improvements to food supply chain and the infrastructure improvements.

Methods

It requires a reliable source of classified imagery, and the analysis of its relationship to markets and other infrastructure data, including transport. Likely to require significant effort to produce.

Data

• Classified satellite imagery

• Infrastructure data

Data derived from satellite imagery that shows land use, primarily agriculture and can be potentially linking with markets mapping.

Strategic or operational?

Strategic

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Basemap

When might it be produced?

It is dependent on data availability.

Intended audience

• Government

• strategic response planners

Influence on humanitarian decisions

The map will help identify potential improvements to food supply chain and the infrastructure improvements.

Methods

It requires a reliable source of classified imagery, and the analysis of its relationship to markets and other infrastructure data, including transport. Likely to require significant effort to produce.

Data

• Classified satellite imagery

• Infrastructure data

These maps will show the locations where there is access to wood for cooking, fuel and financial services and conversely the areas that haven't got access. The map should include population figures and ideally the number of people who do or don't have access to these staples.

Strategic or operational?

Strategic and operational

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline and situational

When might it be produced?

After assessments and updated regularly.

Intended audience

• Food security cluster

• World Food Programme (WFP)

• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

• Response actors

Influence on humanitarian decisions

The map shows the situational information on the access to key services. It also helps to inform the needs and required actions of an actor or actors.

Methods

Use a reference basemap and include the locations where you can/can't (or unconfirmed) access to different key services such as fuel and finance.

Data

• Locations of fuel including petrol, diesel, wood, etc.

• Financials services such as banks and ATMs - OpenStreetMap.

Resources

• Logistics cluster

This map should identify the level of access to different inputs by administrative area - e.g. Seed, tools, livestock assistance, fishing nets/kit. The different inputs lends itself to creating a series of maps.

Strategic or operational?

Strategic and operational

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline and situational

When might it be produced?

After assessments and updated regularly.

Intended audience

• Food security cluster

• World Food Programme (WFP)

• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

• Response actors

Influence on humanitarian decisions

The map shows the situational information on the access to key services. It also helps to inform the needs and required actions of an actor or actors.

Methods

Use simple basemap to show administrative areas and for each type of input show classification of levels of access.

This is a refinement of a typical who-what-where map and looks at the locations of the agencies working in the sector for that response.

Strategic or operational?

Operational

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline

When might it be produced?

It should be produced as early as possible and updated throughout.

Intended audience

• Food security cluster

• World Food Programme (WFP)

• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

• Response actors

Influence on humanitarian decisions

It describes who is working, on what and where. It provides an operational picture and the aim is that it helps prevent a duplication of effort by agencies and target the gaps of a response.

Methods

Use a simple basemap and include key operational centres, where actors are working, what they are doing and what has been done at a specific point in time. Mixture of maps and charts based on survey responses.

Data

• Operational centres

• Agency location

• Agency activities

See Cash based transfers for further details.

Strategic or operational?

Strategic and operational

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline and situational

When might it be produced?

It should be ongoing as a preparedness or immediately after the disaster event is triggered. It should then be maintained and updated.

Intended audience

• Food security cluster

• World Food Programme (WFP)

• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

• Response actors

Emergency mapping market analysis can be used to get a deeper understanding of the critical typology of food security crisis and is conducted at community level. Examples of these 'maps' tend to be more like flow diagrams of the market system rather than spatial representations of the data. Key is to pull out key issues/partial disruption or complete disruption within the market system. Outputs from this can be mapped onto other monitoring indicators.

Strategic or operational?

Strategic and operational.

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline and situational

When might it be produced?

After the EMMA assessment is completed and updated following subsequent assessments.

Intended audience

• Food security cluster

• World Food Programme (WFP)

• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

• Response actors

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Provides context for the type of emergency and focusses response actions to a specific typology of food security crisis.

Methods

Data

• EMMA output

Resources

• https://www.emma-toolkit.org/about-emma

This map will show the average or exceptional food consumption scores by area.

Strategic or operational?

Strategic

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline and situational

When might it be produced?

As early as possible and updated throughout.

Intended audience

• Food security cluster

• World Food Programme (WFP)

• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

• Response actors

Influence on humanitarian decisions

It helps identify priority areas and where nutritional and food distribution is needed.

Methods

Use simple basemap to show administrative areas and associated Food Consumption Score

Data

• Food Consumption score, Administration boundaries

Comparing the current situation with scores helps identify how flexible populations are to adaptation - wider choice of livelihood options or coping strategies.

Strategic or operational?

Strategic and operational

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline

When might it be produced?

As early as possible.

Intended audience

• Food security cluster

• World Food Programme (WFP)

• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

• Response actors

Influence on humanitarian decisions

The map may indicate area resilience and allows actors to prioritise response based on how easily an area can switch to an alternative livlihood source.

Methods

Use simple basemap to show current the current food security scores. Overlay with information on alternative livelihood options. Could do some analysis to identify which areas are more/less adaptable which can the help prioritise where actors need to go first for assessment.

Varied skills and data is needed to build scenarios. There is a need to identify what the current baseline, forecast (seasonal and exceptional) and drivers are and then decide upon the potential scenarios to see if data can be modelled to demonstrate changes.

Strategic or operational?

Strategic and operational

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Situational

When might it be produced?

As required, but they can be useful to do near the start of a response and thereafter to adjust against real time feedback.

Intended audience

• Food security cluster

• World Food Programme (WFP)

• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

• Response actors

Influence on humanitarian decisions

The descisions made provide opportunities to test out scenarios from existing baseline and trend data to help humanitarians plan long term for where food distribution/cash programmes or suporting services may need revising in the short to medium term.

Methods

A series of maps and products can be created which start with the existing baseline and trends and used to model thresholds of parameters if either trends continue or possible critical events (mass immigration to an area for example) could disrupt the eisting food security situation.

Data

Resources

The map shows where the key markets are, if they functioning, what prices can you get and help with the identification of any challenges or bottlenecks.

Strategic or operational?

Strategic and operational

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline and situational

When might it be produced?

After assessments and updated regularly.

Intended audience

• Food security cluster

• World Food Programme (WFP)

• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

• Response actors

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Identifies where people will struggle access food and aso the potential quality of the food available Will support prioritisation of areas and the type of response required.

Methods

Use a basemap or map that shows the administration boundaries and show key markets by score (graduated symbology).

Data

• Market locations

• Market status

These maps show which markets are functioning or not functioning. Use symbology to represent which key staples exist and possibly graduated size to indicate prices (or trends).

Strategic or operational?

Strategic and operational

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline and situational

When might it be produced?

After assessments and updated regularly.

Intended audience

• Food security cluster

• World Food Programme (WFP)

• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

• Response actors

Influence on humanitarian decisions

The map identifies which markets and staples are affected and helps to inform the needs and required actions by actors.

Methods

A series of maps per staple or a combination visualising markets that may/are failing. Markets throughout a city larger geographic area combine and cluster to show hotspots. Could then indicate issues within a region rather than just at an individual market.

Data

• Rapid market assessment output

While in-kind aid is still an important component of humanitarian responses, over the past few years cash-based transfers have increasingly been seen as a way to stop swamping markets with commodities that could cause livelihood and economic upset, as well as aid dependency. Other methods include government schemes (safety nets/social welfare payments), or foreign remittances from the diaspora.

Various methods exist for cash transfer:

• Through banks and other financial institutions.

• Through cash hand outs.

• Through voucher schemes e-vouchers through SMS/internet.

• Bank or other money transfers through SMS/internet.

Strategic or operational?

Both.

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Situational.

When might it be produced?

If there is an existing scheme already in place then it will continue, but cash-based transfers mapping will primarily come after market assessments have been carried out. These assessments can be very simple, with the aim of understanding:

• Market environment: e.g. indicators relating to access and transport to market, or security at markets.

• Market availability: what you can buy at the market.

• Structure and conduct: (a) what are the supply chains, what is the catchment of the market and, (b) are there any cartels operating or price setting?

• Market performance price tracking: a very good indicator of supply against demand. If something is going wrong with supply and demand then prices will skyrocket (in a few cases if oversupply from food aid comes in, prices may collapse).

• Household access: are households getting access to key commodities, and do they have the financial resources to buy them?

Intended audience

Agents who do cash-based transfers may be the relief operation coordination cluster themselves, their supporting international and local NGOs, or even private companies (e.g. Western Union).

Influence on humanitarian decisions

While in-kind aid will still be an important component, cash and vouchers are seen as an effective way to stop swamping markets with commodities that could cause livelihood and economic upset, as well as aid dependency.

Methods

Products should help addresses issues such as:

• Where are cash transfers being made, and in what quantities?

• What markets are operating where?

• What is the catchment of a market?

• What are commodity prices at each market, and how are these changing over time?

• What has the impact of the disaster been on local food supplies?

• How are these parameters expected to change over time?

Data

Baseline - pre-disaster layers:

• Market locations, size and characteristics.

• Normal market catchments, derived from assessments: i.e. a boundary to show what the closest market to a location is.

• Usual access to markets (accessibility layer): same as above but reflecting the distance to market as opposed to a boundary of the catchment.

• Population characteristics: at an early stage totals, followed by age groups (identify old, young and baby), followed by vulnerability (poverty indices).

• Existing safety benefits (more country level than geographical).

• Existing partners/structure for cash /voucher distribution.

• Existing partners/structure for voucher usage (traders/minimarts).

• Logistics, prepositioning warehouses etc.

Post-disaster:

• Assessment by mobile data collection of market assessment.

• Financial system functioning status (situational data).

• What commodities? Generally there is a need for an overview, not a detailed review of specific commodities, but there could also be a need for some specialist reviews (e.g. fish availability in coastal communities).

• Impacts of type of emergency on food supply: this would be more on the complex emergency side – unpredictable and ongoing events.

• Logistics: warehouses etc that are set up in the emergency.

• Security/access issues: e.g. the blockages maps we already do – this has as much impact on the ability of traders to deliver food as relief operations do.

Resources

• World Food Programme - Cash Based Transfers

Map shows the number of households, beneficiaries and total metric tons of distributed food by island and province in Vanuatu

Strategic or operational?

Operational

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Situational

When might it be produced?

After the initial assessments of a response.

Intended audience

• World Food Programme (WFP)

• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

• Government Departments (Department of Agriculture)

• Civil Society

• Community Organisations

• Red Cross Societies

• Logistics Teams

Influence on humanitarian decisions

The map will inform logistical decisions by government and NGOs on where food distribution requirements are not currently being met

Methods

The map is produced by identifying the number of beneficiaries against the total number of households by each island.

This will require survey data on the distribution of food which will generate a number of requirements for additional metadata to support map production. These are the temporal elements (date of collection, date of publication, frequency), the geographic elements (coverage, sampling frame) and the quality elements (modelling approach, uncertainty, confidence intervals).

Data

• Administrative boundaries

• Population and household survey/census data

• MIRA survey data on beneficiaries and total distribution

• Cyclone track data

Map shows the storm track and flooding extent over time together with locations where assessments and food drops have been undertaken.

Strategic or operational?

Strategic and operational

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Situational

When might it be produced?

The map should be produced as the data becomes available and should be reviewed and updated regularly as the operations change

Intended audience

• World Food Programme (WFP)

• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

• Government Departments (Department of Agriculture)

• Civil Society

• Community Organisations

• Red Cross Societies

• Logistics Teams

Influence on humanitarian decisions

It will inform government and the response where the operations are under way undertaking assessments and distributing food.

Methods

Access to timely and accurate data is essential for a Food Security response. It is important to get the best available data although it may not always be perfect. Questions should be asked such as:

• When was the data collected?

• What time period does it cover?

• When will it next be updated?

• How accurate is the data?

• Are the figure actual, estimates or projections?

• What level of granularity is the data available at? What area might the data be reflected on

• Is the data publicly available, are there any restrictions on publishing?

A large amount of demographic data is publicly available online but consideration should be taken of any sensitivities that may relate to this data for example ethnicity. These sensitivities may lead to a decision to not place a certain dataset on a map.

Robust information management and governance is essential when accessing, storing and visualising Food Security data. The agreed use of the data must be established and recorded from the outset.

Data

• Storm track

• Storm surge severity ranking

• Flood extent

• Road status

• Assessment locations

• Food drop

• Populated place

• Administrative areas

• Population density

This map shows the location of WFP food distribution points in earthquake affected zones.

Strategic or operational?

Operational

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Situational

When might it be produced?

Distribution location, logistics and operational maps should be produced as the data becomes available and should be reviewed and updated regularly as the operations change.

Intended audience

• World Food Programme (WFP)

• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

• Government Departments (Department of Agriculture and Department of Health)

• Civil Society

• Community Organisations

• Logistics Teams

Influence on humanitarian decisions

The map Will inform government and response where the operations are under way to distribute food, but also identify gaps. Additional information on the number of vulnerable or affected people (nutrition indices) would assist in identifying gaps in the response and help identify locations for more distribution centres Another improvement would be to combine where several agencies may be distributing food (government , red cross) as well as WFP/Food Cluster.

Methods

Access to timely and accurate data is essential for a food security response. It is important to get the best available data although it may not always be perfect. Questions should be asked such as:

• When was the data collected?

• What time period does it cover?

• When will it next be updated?

• How accurate is the data?

• Are the figure actual, estimates or projections?

• What level of granularity is the data available at? What area might the data be reflected on

• Is the data publicly available, are there any restrictions on publishing?

A large amount of demographic data is publicly available online but consideration should be taken of any sensitivities that may relate to this data for example ethnicity. These sensitivities may lead to a decision to not place a certain dataset on a map.

Robust information management and governance is essential when accessing, storing and visualising Food Security data. The agreed use of the data must be established and recorded from the outset.

Data

• Topographic Data

  • Roads

  • Built up Areas

  • Populated Places

  • Administrative Boundaries

• Food Security/Nutrition Indices

• Locations of distribution points (with ID numbers and possibly which agencies coordinates activity).

Map shows information on the amount of noodles in metric tonnes required, delivered and for delivery per island. The gap is the difference between the requirement needs and what has been delivered.

Strategic or operational?

Operational

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Situational

When might it be produced?

The map should be produced as the data becomes available and should be reviewed and updated regularly as the operations change.

Intended audience

• World Food Programme (WFP)

• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

• Government Departments (Department of Agriculture)

• Civil Society

• Community Organisations

• Red Cross Societies

• Logistics Teams

Influence on humanitarian decisions

This map marries the amount of food estimated as needed for a critical period with the amount which has been delivered to date. This can be repeated for several different commodities.

Methods

Using a simple basemap with administrative areas, text labels show the name of the administration area, and total for needs, delivered, for delivery, gaps. Can be programmed to pick up values in different columns so that a suite of maps for different commodities can be produced easily. A colour coded and symbology can enhance the visuals on the cartography.

Data

• Administrative Boundaries

• Topography

  • Coastline

  • Elevation

  • Roads

• Food needs, delivered, for delivery and gaps

In almost all emergency contexts, there is a basic need to establish access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). According to the Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response:

Water and sanitation are critical determinants for survival in the initial stages of a disaster. People affected by disasters are generally much more susceptible to illness and death from disease, which to a large extent are related to inadequate sanitation, inadequate water supplies and inability to maintain good hygiene.

Sphere Project 2011

WASH interventions should therefore:

• provide access to safe water and sanitation

• promote good hygiene practice with dignity, comfort and security

• reduce preventable waterborne and communicable diseases

In particular, WHO has provided guidelines on sanitation and health that should also be considered with WASH.

WASH maps

Different map products can be created for WASH related information and data and these can be explored in the following sections:

2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)

The was set up by WHO and UNICEF in the 1990s to monitor WASH progress. It now monitors the progress of WASH on its SDGs:

• SDG 6.1 - achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all.

• SDG 6.2 - achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all, and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations

The JMP also monitors other WASH related SDGs:

• SDG 1.4 - ensure that all men and women, particularly the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership, and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology, and financial services including microfinance

• SDG 3.9 - substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water, and soil pollution and contamination

• SDG 4.a - build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender sensitive and provide safe, non-violent, inclusive and effective learning environments for all

Recent progress on achieving these SDGs can be found in the Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 2017 and The Knowledge Base for Achieving the Sustainable Development Goal Targets on Water Supply,Sanitation and Hygiene.

Service ladders

The to categorise the management of drinking water, sanitation and hygiene. This also enables them to benchmark and compare WASH progress across countries of different stages of development.

Development WASH maps

Different map products can be created for development WASH related information and data and these can be explored in the following pages.

This involves mapping at a suitable administrative level of the Sustainable Development Goal JMP service level categories for drinking water services.

Strategic or operational?

Strategic.

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline.

When might it be produced?

Prior to response.

Intended audience

WASH cluster.

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Planning for WASH investments and resource allocations.

Methods

Consider indicators for change/improvement over time. If these indicators exist then consider time series mapping or other visualisations such as graphs.

Data

• Administration boundaries - such as GADM or common operational datasets (CODs) from Humanitarian Data Exchange (HDX).

• Water sources used by the main household for drinking, cooking, personal hygiene and other domestic uses. This could include open water sources (consider OpenStreetMap) and groundwater and wells.

Resources

• Drinking water services

• WASH Information Toolkit

• WASH Minimum Sphere Standards

This involves mapping at a suitable administrative level of the Sustainable Development Goal JMP service level categories for WASH monitoring in schools

Strategic or operational?

Strategic.

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline.

When might it be produced?

Prior to response.

Intended audience

WASH cluster.

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Planning for WASH investments and resource allocations.

Methods

Consider indicators for change/improvement over time. If these indicators exist then consider time series mapping or other visualisations such as graphs.

Data

• Administration boundaries - such as GADM or common operational datasets (CODs) from Humanitarian Data Exchange (HDX).

• Schools and other education facilities - OpenStreetMap

Resources

• WASH monitoring in schools

• WASH Information Toolkit

• WASH Minimum Sphere Standards

This involves mapping at a suitable administrative level of the Sustainable Development Goal JMP service level categories for hygiene which refers to the the conditions and practices that help maintain health and prevent spread of disease such as handwashing.

Strategic or operational?

Strategic.

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline.

When might it be produced?

Prior to response.

Intended audience

WASH cluster.

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Planning for WASH investments and resource allocations.

Methods

Consider indicators for change/improvement over time. If these indicators exist then consider time series mapping or other visualisations such as graphs.

Data

• Administration boundaries - such as GADM or common operational datasets (CODs) from Humanitarian Data Exchange (HDX).

Resources

• Hygiene monitoring

• WASH Information Toolkit

• WASH Minimum Sphere Standards

This involves mapping at a suitable administrative level of the Sustainable Development Goal JMP service level categories for .

Strategic or operational?

Strategic.

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline.

When might it be produced?

Prior to response.

Intended audience

WASH cluster.

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Planning for WASH investments and resource allocations.

Methods

Consider indicators for change/improvement over time. If these indicators exist then consider time series mapping or other visualisations such as graphs.

Data

• Health facilities

  • HealthSites.io

Resources

This involves mapping at a suitable administrative level of the Sustainable Development Goal JMP service level categories for which is to do with the management of excreta.

Strategic or operational?

Strategic.

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline.

When might it be produced?

Prior to response.

Intended audience

WASH cluster.

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Planning for WASH investments and resource allocations.

Methods

Consider indicators for change/improvement over time. If these indicators exist then consider time series mapping or other visualisations such as graphs.

Data

Resources

Due to the SDG targets emphasising universal access, WASH focus has now expanded outside of the household to include:

• educational facilities

• health care facilities

• workplaces

• other public spaces

Click through on each section to explore further maps on institutional WASH.

• Educational institutions and WASH

• Health care institutions and WASH

Explore the products that to key issues at a national level.

• WASH - Who, What, Where, When and for Whom

• WASH needs assessments

• WASH needs costs

• WASH needs gaps

• WASH needs severity

• WASH needs trends

• WASH planning and coordination

Mapping of educational institutes and their WASH capabilities and requirements including main source and availability status of drinking water. Quantity, type, status, capacity and gender separation of toilets/latrines. Quantity, type, capacity, status of handwashing facilities including availablility or not of water and soap. Consider indicators for change/improvement over time.

Strategic or operational?

Strategic.

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline.

When might it be produced?

Planning for WASH investments and resource allocations and prepardness.

Intended audience

WASH cluster and national/regional government.

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Planning for WASH investments and resource allocations and prepardness planning.

Methods

Data

• See description.

Resources

https://mapaction.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/prepcircle/pages/13440516179/EPC+Report+WASH

Mapping of health care institutes and their WASH capabilities and requirements including main location, capacity, availability, operational status and provider of water supply. Location, quantity, type, operational status, capacity, gender division, menstrual, baby changing and limited mobility facilities of toilets to both patients and staff. Location, quantity, operational status, capacity, type of hygiene stations including availability of water and soap. Location, quantity, operational status, capacity, type (normal sharp and infectious) of waste collection stations including if waste separation is carried out and into what number and type of categories . Consider indicators for change/improvement over time.

Strategic or operational?

Strategic.

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline.

When might it be produced?

Planning for WASH investments and resource allocations and prepardness.

Intended audience

WASH cluster and national/regional government.

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Planning for WASH investments and resource allocations and prepardness planning.

Methods

Data

• See description.

Resources

https://mapaction.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/prepcircle/pages/13440516179/EPC+Report+WASH

Mapping of the results of WASH needs assessments including GWC core WASH indicators (see WASH EPC report for details).

Strategic or operational?

Operational and strategic.

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline and situational.

When might it be produced?

As early as possible, after assessments and updated throughout.

Intended audience

WASH cluster and wider cluster system.

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Provides WASH operational context for response, identifying evolving efforts, gaps and overlaps.

Methods

Data

• See description.

Resources

https://mapaction.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/prepcircle/pages/13440516179/EPC+Report+WASH

Mapping of current and proposed WASH needs costs. Broken down by age and gender.

Strategic or operational?

Operational and strategic.

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline and situational.

When might it be produced?

As early as possible, after assessments and updated throughout.

Intended audience

WASH cluster and wider cluster system.

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Provides WASH operational context for response, identifying evolving efforts, gaps and overlaps.

Methods

Data

• See description.

Resources

https://mapaction.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/prepcircle/pages/13440516179/EPC+Report+WASH

Mapping of WASH needs against WASH planning and coordination both programatically and geographically. Broken down by age and gender.

Strategic or operational?

Operational and strategic.

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline and situational.

When might it be produced?

As early as possible, after assessments and updated throughout.

Intended audience

WASH cluster and wider cluster system.

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Provides WASH operational context for response, identifying evolving efforts, gaps and overlaps.

Methods

Data

• See description.

Resources

https://mapaction.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/prepcircle/pages/13440516179/EPC+Report+WASH

Mapping of ongoing 3/5W activity. Consider indicators for change/improvement over time.

Strategic or operational?

Operational and strategic.

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline and situational.

When might it be produced?

As early as possible, after assessments and updated throughout.

Intended audience

WASH cluster and wider cluster system.

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Provides WASH operational context for response, identifying evolving efforts, gaps and overlaps.

Methods

Data

• See description.

Resources

https://mapaction.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/prepcircle/pages/13440516179/EPC+Report+WASH

Mapping over changes to assessment, severity and gaps over time. Broken down by age and gender.

Strategic or operational?

Operational and strategic.

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline and situational.

When might it be produced?

As early as possible, after assessments and updated throughout.

Intended audience

WASH cluster and wider cluster system.

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Provides WASH operational context for response, identifying evolving efforts, gaps and overlaps.

Methods

Data

• See description.

Resources

https://mapaction.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/prepcircle/pages/13440516179/EPC+Report+WASH

Mapping of the severity of WASH needs via a severity index. Use a severity scale based on several WASH indicators and non-WASH indicators. Create a composite index and rank each administrative level from 1 to 5 (or 7), from “No problem” to “Catastrophic problem”. Indicators can be weighted, if some are considered more important than others, depending on the context. Classify administrative level from the lowest to highest WASH people in need number, or by the percentage of people in need as compared to the whole population. Identify thresholds and rank each administrative level from 1 to 5 (or 7), from “No problem” to “Catastrophic problem” based on people in need figures, or the percentage of people in need as compared to the whole population. Broken down by age and gender.

Strategic or operational?

Operational and strategic.

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline and situational.

When might it be produced?

As early as possible, after assessments and updated throughout.

Intended audience

WASH cluster and wider cluster system.

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Provides WASH operational context for response, identifying evolving efforts, gaps and overlaps.

Methods

Data

• See description.

Resources

https://mapaction.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/prepcircle/pages/13440516179/EPC+Report+WASH

Mapping of planned WASH infrastructure and coordination requirements at a high level.

Strategic or operational?

Operational and strategic.

Basemap, baseline or situational?

Baseline and situational.

When might it be produced?

As early as possible, after assessments and updated throughout.

Intended audience

WASH cluster and wider cluster system.

Influence on humanitarian decisions

Provides WASH operational context for response, identifying evolving efforts, gaps and overlaps.

Methods

Data

• See description.

Resources

https://mapaction.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/prepcircle/pages/13440516179/EPC+Report+WASH

When WASH interventions are carried out with multiple WASH components, they are called a WASH Package. The following table provides a short description of each component:

Which maps?

Click through on each section to read more on the WASH packages and examples of some of the products that could be produced.

Household water

• Household water demand

• Household water storage and safe handling

• Household water treatment (contamination)

Access to clean water

• Water access

• Water quality

• Water contamination

• Clean water demand

• Water scarcity and stress

• Water sources

Water handling

• Source water treatment (contamination)

• Source water treatment (desalination)

• Source water distribution systems

• Source water transport

• Source water storage and safe handling

• Source water demand

• Source water scarcity and stress